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Bioremediation is the process through which toxic products or undesirable substances that contaminate the environment are eliminated by biological microorganisms (aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, fungi and algae). It can be applied tovarious contaminated sites (soil, water or sediment) that are remediable in situ orex situ, completely or partially, and to multiple contaminants. The preferred modes of action by biological organisms are the modification or decomposition of polluting substances, their stabilization or their sequestration. Bioremediation is basedon natural processes allowing microorganisms to degrade contaminants with somespeed. Furthermore, it usually yields little waste. Renewed interest in this processstems from improved understanding of processes and of the cost advantages relative to physico-chemical methods. The lead time to develop an operational technique, environmental regulations and resistance by some users regarding thesenew techniques prove to be limiting factors. Québec is renowned as a leader in the field of bioremediation and innovative small enterprises, institutes, research centres and university chairs have, over time, developed a great number of efficient biotechnologies.